مجله علوم پزشکی رازی
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 7 (پیاپی 209، مهر 1400)

Athletes are always looking for a way to improve their performance(1). Caffeine is one of the most common supplements which may increase mental and physical performance and acts as an ergogenic aid especially in repeated running (2-3). It has been shown that acute caffeine supplementation may affect endothelium and vascular smooth muscles which may be due to: caffeine acts as adenosine receptors antagonist, phosphodiesterase inhibition, increase in intracellular calcium concentration, nitric oxide synthase enzyme gene expression (4). At resting individuals, caffeine consumption can increasing intracellular calcium concentration, leading to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme gene expression which stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production. Increase in NO level will ultimately cause vascular smooth muscles relaxation and vasodilation.(5-6)caffeine supplementation an hour before aerobic exercise, could reduce extracellular fluid and blood flow, despite it has showed beneficial effects for increased demand during exercise (7-10). Caffeine may increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure (11). Beetroot-juice is an antioxidant and nitric oxide source which may have anti-inflammatory effect against free radicals and beneficial effects for cardiovascular system and lead to better physical performance (12-18) nitrate consumption can produce nitric oxide from L-arginine amino acid and improve performance (19-20). Nitrate supplementation can increase nitric oxide level In in plasma and decrease blood pressure (21). Nitric oxide may regulate vasodilatory factors and vascular tone (22). Studies have suggested that nitrate supplementation may increase vasodilation in active tissues and increase vasoconstriction in inactive tissues via increasing endothelin-1 level (23), moreover, it has been suggested that Beetroot-juice supplement may decrease blood pressure and improve performance related factors (24). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute caffeine supplementation along with beetroot-juice on vasodilatory factors and physical performance in athletes.

In this study, ten high performance runners were divided into three experimental trials as high dosage,low dosage supplementation and placebo. Participants drink the supplementations with 250 ml water two times per day during seven days before 5000 meter endurance performance. Rest heart rate, blood pressure, endothelin-1, collagen-18 and nitric oxide level were measured. Participants for this study were 18-30 years old male runners with at least 2 years of running experience which were randomly divided into the following 3 groups after introduction session. At the first day of experiment, participants were present fasted for (8-10 hours) and inactivity status for at least 48 hours. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured with digital pulse meter and rosmax sphygmomanometer. Blood samples were collected from antecubital vein. After 5 minutes warm up, participant started 5 km running. Participants were randomly divided in to three supplementation groups as following:1. 9.6 mmol Beetroot-juice and 400 mg caffeine 2. 4.8 mmol Beetroot-juice and 200 mg caffeine 3. Placebo (PLB) group= physical activity was considered as 5 km running tests. At the first day, heart rate and blood pressure were assessed before the running test. Venous blood samples were collected to assess vasodilatory factors including: coll-18, ET-1, NO and nitrite. Participants start the running test after 5 minutes warmup and at the end of the test, all the measurements were repeated. At the second day, participants completed 1500 running test after 5 minutes warm up and consumed supplement. From the third day until day 6, supplementation was continued and participant were fellow up via calls. At the seventh day, heart rate and blood pressure were measured, participants consume supplements according to their group tags 60 minutes prior to their running test, and completed 5 km test after 5 minutes warm up. At day eight, participants consumed supplements and completed 1500 running test. Wash out phase was started from day 9 to 14 and participants did not consume any supplements for a week. In this study, regression analysis with repeated measurements with generalized estimation equation approach.

The results from the study showed no significant difference for endothelin-1 between the 3 groups before and after the intervention which means that Beetroot-juice  combined with caffeine supplementation had no effect on serum endothelin-1 level (p=0.52). The results from statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the groups for collagen-18 which means supplementation was not effective on collagen-18 level (p=0.87).The results suggest that supplementation could not affect NO level significantly (p=0.97) but physical activity increased NO level by 90.58 units (p=0.001). Systolic bp was not affected by the supplementation dosage (p=0.17). supplementation did not affect systolic BP significantly (p=0.09). systolic BP was affected by physical activity and systolic BP was increased by 2.58 mmHg. Supplementation dosage did not make any significant difference in experimental groups (p=0.28). Supplementation did not have any significant change in heart rate (p=0.25), despite physical activity effect (p=0.001) there was an increase in heart rate within 1500 meter running in comparison with start moment (p=0.001).

This study suggests that the combination of caffeine and Beetroot-juice  supplementation may not have beneficial effects of vasodilatory factors and physical performance in elite male runners which may be due to NO effect reduction when consumed in combination with caffeine while exercise may influence vasodilatory and performance parameters.

Considering the epidemic irreversible effects of the corona virus disease and the lack of any definitive treatment resulting in the prevalence of the stress and great worry in the community. There seem to be psychological factors that affect people's anxiety. These factors can be individual or social. Individual factors are like the beliefs and schemas of individuals, and social factors are like the support that individuals receive from family, friends, and important people in their lives. Research shows that these variables are associated with anxiety Therefore, the present study aims to Determining the role of maladaptive schemas of abandonment, vulnerability to harm and disease, and perceived social support in coronary disease anxiety.

The descriptive and correlational methods were applied in this study. The study society composed of Health Network Personnel of Darab in 1399 in which 200 individuals were selected via available sampling method. The Perceived social Support Questionnaire (Zimet et al. 1998), Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas (2003), and Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (Alipour et al.2019) were applied to collect data. Criteria for inclusion in this study included: 1) having at least 20 years, 2) employee of Darab health network, 3) conscious consent and voluntary to answer the questions of the questionnaire; Exclusion criteria included: Deficiency in answering the questions of the questionnaire. Data was analyzed via Enter and Stepwise regression method in SPSS 22.

Findings showed that there was a significant relationship between predictor variables including vulnerability to harm and disease schema, maladaptive abandonment schema and perception of support of others with corona disease anxiety (P>0.001). On the other hand, the relationship between perceived support of family and friends with corona disease anxiety was not significant. Enter regression results showed that approximately 31% of the variance related to the corona anxiety variable is explained by the predictor variable. Also, among the predictor variables, vulnerability schema to harm and disease and abandonment maladaptive schema are the best predictors for teachers' corona disease anxiety, respectively (P<0.001).

This study showed that there is a significant relationship between predictors of vulnerability to harm and disease schema and coronary disease anxiety. This results is in line with the research of Kalvete and Cardenoso (4) and Arefinia (6) et al. The prevalence of coronary disease and the media coverage of injuries associated with the disease cause people to experience anxiety, wich is primarily triggered by coronary heart disease but is rooted in the beliefs and schemas of the anxious person; Research has also shown that the vulnerability to harm and disease schema plays an important role in disease anxiety; These people think that it is possible for them or their loved ones to get coronary disease and they can have no control over this condition. In fact, distorted interpretations of coronary disease, its magnification and catastrophe, become a stimulus for the activation of anxiety and fear of the disease. Therefore, vulnerability to harm and disease schema may play a role in the development of coronary disease anxiety. Another finding of this study was that there was a significant relationship between the predictor variables of maladaptive abandonment schema and coronary disease anxiety. This finding is in line with the research of Kalvete and Cardenoso (4) research, Which showed that schema of fear of abandonment are major predictor variables in anxiety symptoms. Because of outbreak of the disease, people usually try to protect themselves by creating a home quarantine, and as a result, people's relationships with each other weaken, so this situation is a stimulus to activate the abandonment schema of people, which follows, Anxiety occurs, an anxiety that is triggered by illness and the fear of abandonment. Also, the results of the present study on the non-significance of the family and friends dimension of perceived social support with coronary disease anxiety are in line with the results of Ghasemi, Ganjeh, Saqezi et al. (22). Perceived social support theorists state that not all relationships one has with others are social support. In other words, social communication is not a source of social support, unless one assesses it as an accessible and appropriate source to meet one's needs (23). Another finding of the study was a positive and significant relationship of important another dimension in the scale of perceived social support of coronary disease anxiety, which is in line with the research of Rashedi et al. (33). Another important dimension has an adaptive function and is negatively correlated with the psychological disorders of people at risk (35). Therefore, having social support, especially from important people in life, leads a person to physical health, psychological and ultimately mental well-being, and leads to better adaptation to difficult and critical situations associated with illness (36). Therefore, in examining the effective factors in corona disease anxiety of clients, it is recommended to pay attention to the schemas of vulnerability to harm and disease and the abandonment schema to counselors and psychologists. Also, considering the research results and the special importance of the important role in mental and physical health, it is suggested to prioritize educational and treatment programs to improve these relationships in counseling and education.

Some researchers believe that an effective therapeutic relationship should have a stimulating potential that allows the client to maintain a joint effort with the therapist to overcome problems. It is a therapeutic alliance. This process refers to the concept of the alliance which can begin with the client or therapist's feelings before the first contact, is the center of gravity of psychotherapy's effectiveness. According to Rogers, the therapist - clients' relationship as an essential element of treatment is effective in response to successful treatment. He suggested that the relationship itself is, in fact, healing. According to Rogers, all humans have an inner need for warmth, respect, and acceptance (positive attention) from others. It seems that attachment is a vital element in establishing a therapeutic alliance. In attachment theory, attachment is defined as a human tendency to build strong emotional bonds with a particular person that has a decisive role in mental health. According to attachment theory, establishing an emotional and close bond is a general need of every human. This theory introduces attachment behavior's functions as a vital balance mechanism to moderate helplessness in adulthood and childhood. According to this theory, during the repetition of experiences related to the attachment object, the child creates mental representation, or "an internal working model." Once these models are formed, if the attachment system is activated, these models will also be activated and guide the individual's behavior. Lack of responsive caregivers causes children to see relationships as insecure and perceive others as unreliable and unlovable sources, leading to shape insecure attachments. Psychological well-being seems to be a variable that can predict therapeutic alliance in a psychotherapist. Theorists related to positive psychology have considered mental health equivalent to positive psychological function and have conceptualized it in psychological well-being. They do not know the absence of disease to be sufficient for feeling healthy and believe that having a sense of life satisfaction, adequate progress, effective interaction with the world, and positive development are healthy people's characteristics. Ryff considers psychological well-being as an attempt to realize one's potential and an essential criterion of health, which is the awareness of the integrity of all aspects of existence. Accordingly, the present study investigates the mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between attachment styles and psychotherapists' therapeutic alliance.

This study is descriptive-correlation in terms of applied purpose and descriptive-correlational data collection method and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study consists of all psychotherapists and counselors with employment licenses from the Organization of Psychology and Counseling of the country who are active in 1398. In this descriptive-correlation study Two hundred fifty-five people were selected through a purposive sampling method based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Criteria for entering the research were: activity in the profession of psychotherapy and counseling, being in the age group of 27-65 years, a history of at least one year of professional training. Exclusion criteria were: being under certain conditions such as a medical condition or surgery that makes a person eligible to participate in the study, suffering from acute mental or physical disorders and illnesses, unwillingness to continue research. In this study, the Adult Attachment Questionnaire, Psychological Well-Being Scale (short form), and Short Form Therapy Alliance Questionnaire were used to collect data. All analyzes were performed at a 95% confidence level using SPSS 19 and AMOS software.

According to the results, the secure attachment style (0.48**) has a significant positive relationship with therapeutic alliance. The insecure attachment style (0.39**) has a meaningful negative association with the therapeutic alliance at the level of 0.01. Psychological well-being had a significant positive relationship with the therapeutic alliance at the level of 0.01 (0.27**).The fit of the proposed model with the data based on the fit indices was appropriate. GFI, AGFI, IFI, TLI, CFI, and NFI indices indicated the model's fit. The total path coefficient between secure attachment style and therapeutic alliance is significant at the level of 0.01. Also, the coefficient of determination of this path was 0.29, which in other words, the style of secure attachment and psychological well-being explain 29% of the therapeutic alliance variance. The total path coefficient between insecure attachment style and therapeutic alliance is significant at the level of 0.01. The coefficient of determination of this path was equal to 0.26, which in other words, insecure attachment style and psychological well-being explain 26% of the therapeutic alliance variance.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between attachment and therapeutic alliance in psychotherapists. According to the results of the present study, psychological well-being had a positive relationship with therapeutic alliance. Psychological well-being is an upbeat assessment of the quality of experiences, knowledge, communication, and life values. It is a vital variable in interpersonal communication and can determine its nature. Psychological well-being plays a crucial role in people's lives, such as social acceptance, contact with others, intimacy, and a sense of efficiency that are the critical factors in mental health. Because the feeling of well-being has both emotional and cognitive components, people with high well-being mainly experience positive emotions and positively evaluate events. People with low well-being consider their life events undesirable and experience negative emotions that can disrupt their interpersonal relationships. This study's other results were the positive relationship between secure attachment with therapist therapy alliance and the negative relationship between insecure therapist attachment and therapeutic alliance. Explaining this finding, it should be stated that a secure attachment style can lead a person to be more adaptable to adverse events and establish stable and secure relationships with people. People with secure attachment in adulthood have the practical ability to develop desirable interpersonal relationships because the trust created in attachment development helps the person accept his strengths and weaknesses and strive to achieve his goals without anxiety. People with secure attachments are better equipped to manage stressful situations such as psychotherapy.

The genus Klebsiella belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, which consists of gram-negative and immobile species that have mucosal colonies and live in the gastrointestinal tract (1). Among Klebsiella species, Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most common opportunistic pathogens that cause serious diseases (3). These strains have become resistant to many antibiotics and one of the strategies of antibiotic resistance of K. pneumoniae strains is biofilm formation (4-6). One of the important genes in biofilm formation in this bacterium is mrkA gene and this gene encodes MrkA protein, which is one of the important proteins of type 3 fimbriae (7). Excessive use of antibiotics leads to increasing antibiotic resistance of these bacteria and therefore the use of alternatives to treatment other than antibiotics is important. One of these solutions is the use of nanotechnology (8). So far, few studies have been conducted to investigate the antimicrobial and antifouling effects of aluminum nanoparticles against bacterial clinical strains. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of Al2O3 nanoparticles against clinical strains of K. pneumoniae. 

In this experimental study, 100 clinical samples including wounds, blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid were collected from different hospitals in Tehran (Imam Khomeini Hospital and Pars Hospital). Subsequently, strains of K. pneumoniae were identified by growing one in McConkey agar medium, Gram staining, and biochemical tests (9). Antibiotic resistance pattern of K. pneumoniae strains was determined by disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) instruction. Briefly, adjusted cultures to give a 0.5 McFarland concentrations of the K. pneumoniae strains were inoculated into Muller-Hinton broth (Oxoid, UK) and the susceptibility of the strains to the antibiotics including ampicillin, gentamicin, amikacin, tetracycline, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazol was evaluated (10).  In order to investigate the presence of biofilm in K. pneumoniae strains, microtiter plate quantification method was used (11). In this study, Al2O3 nanoparticles  were purchased from the American company US nano. In order to investigate the physicochemical properties of Al2O3 nanoparticles, FTIR, electron microscopy (SEM), XRD and DLS tests were used. The SEM, DLS, XRD and FTIR were used for study of morphology, size, nanomaterial characterization and analyze the structure of matter at the molecular scale based on the resonant vibration modes of various molecules on the aluminum nanoparticles, respectively. In order to investigate the antibacterial effects of Al2O3 nanoparticles, the microdilution method was used in a 96-well plate according to the CLSI standard (16). Briefly, various concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticles including 15.62, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL, were added into 96-well containing each K. pneumoniae strain (500 µl) with 5 × 105 concentration, and the 96-well plates were incubated 24 h at 37 0C. The next day, absorbance was taken using UV-visible spectrophotometer at 600 nm and the concentration giving the least optical density corresponds to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanoparticles for that particular microorganism. In order to quantitatively study the anti-biofilm effects of aluminum nanoparticles, Crystal violet (CV) assay was used (12). A 96-well plate-based Crystal violet (CV) assay was used for evaluating of anti-biofilm efficacy of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The biofilm-forming K. pneumoniae strains were cultured into 96 well microtiter plates for 24 h at 37 0C. The K. pneumoniae strains were then treated with sub-MIC values of Al2O3 nanoparticles for 24 h incubation at 37 0C. All the wells were then again washed with PBS three times and fixed with methanol for 15 minutes. The plate was air dried for 30 minutes and 0.1% CV solution was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. After washing with distilled water, 33% acetic acid was added to each well and absorbance was taken at 590 nm. Mean absorbance values of each sample was calculated and compared with the mean values of controls.Expression analysis of mrkA gene in K. pneumoniae strains under control MIC of free curcumin and curcumin were investigated using the Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) method through specific primers. For this purpose, after treating strains, total RNA was extracted using a high purity RNA extraction kit (Qiagen, USA) according to the manufacturer protocol. Then, cDNA synthesis was performed through the Qiagen Press Kit based on the manufacturer protocol. The qRT-PCR method was performed using SYBER Green containing Master Mix (Ampriqon, Denmark). The 16S rRNA gene is used as your home gene and the relative expression of the gene was calculated by ΔΔCт method. Statistical calculation of this study was performed using Graph pad prism software and the results were analyzed by one way ANOVA. The results are displayed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and P<0.05 was considered significant.

In this study, lactose positive and mucoid colonies were isolated from 100 clinical specimens suspected of K. pneumoniae and 15 strains of K. pneumoniae were isolated using microscopic and biochemical tests. The results of antibiotic resistance showed that 10 samples (66%) had a pattern of multidrug-resistant resistance (MDR). (MDR: strains resistant to one of the antibiotics from three different classes of antibiotics). Microtiter plate test was used to evaluate the quantitative biofilm formation and the results showed that out of 15 strains of K. pneumoniae, all MDR strains (10 strains) formed biofilm, so that 5 strains formed strong biofilm (50%). 3 strains forming moderate biofilm (30%) and 2 strains (20%) forming weak biofilm.The results of SEM and DLS showed that Al2O3 nanoparticles have a polyhedral structure and have an average size of 164.1 nm. The FTIR results also showed the chemical bonds associated with Al2O3 nanoparticles. XRD results showed the presence of peaks of 31.8, 35.5, 40.5, 46.7 and 47.98, which confirms the Al2O3 nanoparticles. Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of Al2O3 nanoparticlesThe results showed that Al2O3 nanoparticles had antimicrobial properties at the lowest concentration of 500 μg/ml and the highest concentration of 2000 μg/ml. The results of this test showed that Al2O3 nanoparticles at sub-inhibitory concentration (subMIC) significantly reduced the biofilm formation (light absorption was significantly reduced compared to the control group) (P <0.05).The results showed that the amplification of the gene was done correctly and the analysis of the melting curve shows the amplification of the target gene. Also, after treatment of biofilm-forming strains with sub-inhibitory concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticles, the expression of mrkA gene in all biofilm-forming strains decreased significantly compared to the 16S rRNA reference gene (P <0.05), so that in some Strains expression was reduced 5 to 6-fold.

The results of this study showed that aluminum nanoparticles have antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects against drug-resistant K. pneumoniae strains and can reduce the expression of biofilm gene. Therefore, this nanoparticle can be used as a candidate for antimicrobial and antifouling film for future studies.

One of the most important aims of cartilage tissue engineering is the in vitro creation and development of cartilage implants, which, after transplantation to the damaged site, show the properties of normal cartilage. The three major combinations of cartilage tissue engineering include: cellular sources, consisting of autologous chondrocytes developed in the laboratory and mesenchymal precursors; biomaterials upon which the cells are cultivated; and a bioreactor that tries to rebuilds the physical and chemical characteristics of the in vivo system, which allows the cartilage to grow in it. Although much progress has been made towards developing cartilage structures for clinical conditions, nevertheless, current cartilage structures have inappropriate physicochemical properties, compared to normal cartilage. One of the reasons for this problem is the lack of attention paid to mechanical stimuli in cartilage cell culture. Several mechanisms can be involved in chondrocyte response into mechanical stimuli, including alteration of serum level of oligomeric matrix protein, alteration of expression of cartilage-specific genes (collagen type 2 and aggrecan), that leads to organizes the rearrangement of collagen, integrin, and glycosaminoglycan binding. Other mechanisms also include altered integrin expression and induction of apoptotic mechanisms. Several mechanical forces such as tensile and compressive forces regulate chondrocyte production.  Bioreactors are designed to enhance the biochemical and mechanical properties of cartilage tissue and to transfer sufficient volume and mechanical stimulation of cartilage tissue. Bioreactors are defined as a means in which biological or biochemical processes can occur under controlled conditions. For example, several parameters and conditions, such as pH, temperature, nutrient supply, O2 stress, and waste removal, can be controlled by the bioreactor. Various bioreactor systems, including rotating-wall vessels, spinner-flasks, direct perfusion bioreactors, compressor bioreactors, magnetic bioreactors, ultrasonic bioreactors and stirrer double chambers, have been used in cartilage tissue engineering. In addition, existing bioreactors were used in combination with other emerging technologies. For example, 3D-Printed (3DP) Bioreactors were used for cartilage tissue engineering. Furthermore, bioreactors using microcarriers were another strategy which used for cartilage tissue engineering. Additionally, bioreactors that use combined mechanical force are also among the bioreactors that are being developed in cartilage tissue engineering. Over the past few decades, fluid flow bioreactors (shear pressures) have been widely used in cartilage tissue engineering. The rotating wall vessel is a specialized cell culture vessel developed initially as a microgravity simulator to mimic and model the effects of microgravity on cells in laboratory studies. The vessel creates low-shear culture environments and supports three-dimensional tissue development. It has a motor that drives a belt that rotates the cylindrical culture vessel along its horizontal axis. It contains an air pump, which draws incubator air through a filter and discharges the air through a rotating coupling on the shaft that carries the vessel. Spinner-flask bioreactor alternatives to the static culture that attempt to reduce gradients in metabolite and nutrient concentrations. Perfusion systems are the most complex because they can perfuse fluid directly via the structures, making good mass transport inside the constructs, and they have been shown to overexpress the expression of chondrocyte markers. compressor bioreactors are another type of bioreactor which use compression force to modulate the behavior of cells in tissue or scaffold. magnetic bioreactors are a type of bioreactors which are based on microscale mechanobiological techniques such as magnetic forces. these bioreactors can influence on cells, tissues, and entire organisms, including the hyaline cartilage synthesis, bovine chondrocytes proliferation, and the proteoglycan formation. Ultrasonic stimulation is another parameter which could affect cell growth in some cases. Specially, low-intensity continuous ultrasound (US) has been demonstration to regulate the expression of chondrocyte-specific genes. Ultrasonic bioreactors are a type of bioreactors which are based on ultrasonic stimulation. Another bioreactor used in cartilage tissue engineering is hydrostatic pressure bioreactors. These bioreactors have been shown to have the ability to dramatically increase cartilage formation. Hydrostatic pressure can be applied to culturing monolayer cells on the dish by covering the cultured cells with the culture medium and placing them in a pressure chamber (where a pressure step is applied to both sides of the dish). Hydrostatic pressure bioreactors consist of fluid-filled chambers connected to a water pump. In these bioreactors, the tank is completely filled with water and a sealed syringe is placed at the bottom. The syringe contains the culture volume with the sample. The water pump squeezes the water into the container and, as a result, moves the syringe and applies hydrostatic pressure to the transfer culture volume. Significantly, recent studies have shown that constant hydrostatic pressure is more efficient on cartilage cells in three-dimensional culture. Another bioreactor used in cartilage tissue engineering is compression bioreactors. These bioreactors cause dynamic pressure loading, which is similar to the physiological loading that normally occurs in cartilage. Compression bioreactors can improve mass formation and modulate flexible cartilage formation similar to the approach that occurs in natural cartilage. Furthermore, static and perfused bioreactors are two other bioreactors used for cartilage tissue engineering. Spinner-flask bioreactors have shown high efficiency in cartilage regeneration and this regeneration has been confirmed by PCR and histological analysis. Chondrocyte cultured in injectable bioreactors increased viability and produced cartilage uniformity that had biomechanical properties similar to normal cartilage tissue. Structures cultured in perfusion-compression bioreactors showed higher cell proliferation and better structural integrity compared to stable conditions. In general, the use of bioreactors has led to improvements in terms such as the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) quantification and relevant gene expression and matrix secretion, extracellular matrix synthesis, collagen II synthesis, changed expression integrin, cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and viability, and gene expression of specific-chondrocytes markers, chondrogenic differentiation, cartilage formation, recovery and retain functional joint surface, hyaline cartilage formation, compression modulus, biosynthetic activity of osteoarthritic chondrocytes and metabolic activity in cartilage tissue engineering. Bioreactors are used in standard conditions such as pH and oxygen stress, which are important in the reproducibility of biological batches. However, much discussion remains regarding the specific function of various mechanical stimuli. Findings from case studies have shown that bioreactors will also be effective in providing the necessary conditions for further study on these stimuli. There are now new ideas in the use of bioreactors, such as bioreactor in vivo, which is hoped to provide cartilage engineering in vivo.

Background & Aims The emergence of the coronavirus and the development of acute respiratory syndrome posed a significant challenge to health care systems around the world. The rapid transmission and severity of infectivity and even its transmissibility in the asymptomatic stage led the World Health Organization to declare a global epidemic on March 12, 2020.Changes in people's daily lives following the Corona epidemic have led to " Self-Isolation", "social distancing" and " Self-Quarantine" to prevent the transmission of infection, maintain health and dealing with the disease. Most people have similar conditions in terms of "Unknown" with these situations and this can create psychological, social and even health challenges. In general, various studies have shown a strong relationship between psychological issues and the occurrence of physical symptoms in this disease, and the need for public access to a rapid diagnostic test and the reduction of psychological effects is very important. Rapid transmission, lack of definitive drug treatment of the disease, and the risk of global epidemics continue to highlight the need for social distance. However, in studies of social distancing, feelings of abandonment and neglect, and in "quarantine", negative psychological effects such as post-traumatic stress, confusion, anger, and tension (due to lack of face-to-face communication and traditional interaction, changing work schedules, and Teleworking at home), has been reported. At the same time, perceived social support has been shown to be inversely related to anxiety, depression, insomnia, and loneliness during quarantine. Advertising and training such as the correct use of face masks, despite issues such as scarcity or high cost and the gradual disappearance of inferiority or concern of some people about lack of access to health facilities, is very important. Quarantine plays a key role in controlling the pandemic of coronavirus disease. Although people around the world have witnessed social discrimination during the COVID-19 epidemic, governments around the world need to gain public trust and ensure good mental health and prevent Psychological reflections such as Panic caused by the inability to purchase and supply health care, make various and transparent efforts to ensure people's financial security and the availability of health services and facilities.

Background & Aims Since the outbreak of acute respiratory syndrome of Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the use of masks has become widespread in countries. Vulnerable populations such as; children, pregnant women and those with chronic conditions, should be considered when using face mask recommend. To date, the physiological effects of masks in children not examined. However, Smart and colleagues reported that the most discomfort for children as a result of using the mask was related to the increased facial temperature, especially when performing activities such as running.  In pregnant women, short-term use of the mask do not affect maternal heart rate, fetal heart rate, respiration rate, or blood oxygen concentration. Thus do not cause physiological aberrations. On the other hand, no specific groups of chronically ill people have been exempted from wearing a mask during an epidemic crisis. Numerous studies have evaluated the effects of face mask in patients with chronic diseases. For example, one study examined the physiological effects of mask use in patients with kidney disease during an outbreak of SARS (Acute Respiratory Syndrome) in 2003. In this study, in addition to chest discomfort and respiratory distress, seventy percent of patients that used mask showed a reduction in partial pressure in oxygen and about nineteen percent developed hypoxia. Therefore, the use of mask in patients with kidney disease is associated with adverse consequences .In another study, evaluating the effect of wearing mask in pulmonary disease showed that these patients do not easily adapt to mask. The American Asthma and Allergy Foundation recently published an article, which shows; using a mask can be dangerous for people with severe asthma. Therefore, the decision to use the mask should probably be made separately and in consultation with the physician, given the individual’s particular circumstances. In situations where people with chronic illnesses, children, or pregnant women may not be able to use the mask safely, it is recommended that healthy people use masks to help protect these vulnerable populations.

Criminal delinquency includes disruption of family relationships, substance use disorders, failure in educational and professional fields, and constant participation in violent criminal acts, which results in resentment of the victims of these criminal acts, as well as their families and relatives in the community. Clinically, relying on medical findings can deepen human understanding of the causes of these crimes and prevent them. Mental danger from the perspective of psychopathology has a very long history (1). In connection with violent crime, four types of neurotransmitters have been studied more than others: serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine (monoamines), genes involved in dopaminergic neurotransmissions, such as dopamine. And dopamine-2 receptor carriers are candidate genes to justify the causes of antisocial behaviors. Polymorphism in dopaminergic genes has been linked to psychiatric and developmental disorders such as ADHD and autism. Also, dopaminergic antagonist drugs are used to control aggressive human behavior (4).To examine the genetic aspects of a crime, the technique of determining the genetic structure is a process in which differences in a person's genetic makeup are determined by examining a person's DNA sequence by comparing it to another personal sequence or a reference sequence. The relative frequency of alleles associated with drug addiction and violent behavior in dopamine neurotransmission genes has been studied among addicts with a history of violent crime (5).

 In this study, by available sampling method, 50 people were selected from among the thieves of violent behaviors, including bags and mobile phones, and participants in street fights who had a history of at least one of these crimes. None of the participants had a history of schizophrenia and/or antisocial personality disorder, aggression, child trauma, child abuse, or various types of abuse (based on diagnostic criteria (DSM-IV TR). The scope and method of study for all participants Were given and informed oral and written consent was obtained from them.Intravenous blood samples were taken from the study participants. DNA was extracted from venous blood using a DNA extraction kit (Sinagen, Iran) according to the prepared protocol. The DNA concentration of the obtained sample was between 15 and 200 ng / μl. The isolated DNA of the samples was kept at 20 ° C until the time of analysis. All laboratory steps were performed in double-blind. Using appropriate primers of 40 bp VNTR polymorphism related to the DAT-1 gene, as described by Vandenberg et al., Was genotyped (5). Polymorphisms of all individuals for TaqI A marker in dopamine D2 receptor were genotyped according to the method used by Qadir, which was examined by RFLP analysis. The frequency of alleles and genotypes was shown as numbers (percent) which were determined by direct counting.

In the present study, the frequency ratio of different alleles of the studied genes has been investigated. DAT-1 40 bp VNTR polymorphisms include R9, R 10, R99 R /, 10R / 10R. The results show the highest frequency for the 10R allele (72%). The next order was 9 R (30%) and the lowest relative frequency with a large difference belonged to 10R / 10R (4%). Therefore, the pattern of relative abundance of alleles in the studied samples was as follows: 10R> 9R> 9R / 9R> 10R / 9R> 10R / 10R.The other gene understudy was DRD2 TaqI A (SNP). The results show the highest frequency for the A2 allele (66%), followed by A2 / A2 and finally A1 / A1 with the lowest relative frequency (6%). The alleles in the studied samples were as follows:A2> A2 / A2> A1> A2 / A1> A1 / A1.

DAT-1 40 bp VNTR has been suggested as a gene responsible for various psychiatric disorders. Previous studies have shown that gene polymorphism (VNTR) is associated with aggressive and antisocial behavior that is consistent with the results of this study. Yang et al. Found the 9R allele of the DAT-1 polymorphism as a significant risk factor for extroverted behavior in a sample size of young children. Similarly, the 9R minor allele of the DAT-1 VNTR as a risk allele is involved in cocaine poisoning and alcohol dependence (7) .In contrast, other studies have reported an association between ADHD and violent delinquency and the prevalence of the 10R DAT-1 VNTR allele. A similar study did not show a role for the same DAT-1 VNTR in the extraversion of behavior and communication problems in a general population. Due to the existence of multiple control groups in previous studies that have a reference sentence (as a group that has not committed a crime of violence) and due to the limitations of this study, if we compare the many ratios in the samples of this study with control groups of previous studies, it will become clear that a similar pattern, In other words, the order of the frequency ratios of alleles in violent and addicted criminals is different from that of normal individuals (10). The dopamine D2 receptor, encoded by the DRD2 gene, is a receptor coupled to the presynaptic as well as postsynaptic G protein located in dopaminergic neurons. In the population of East Uttar Pradesh, India, the frequency of the A2 allele was higher than the A1 allele, which is not consistent with the results of the present study. Some heterogeneity between study results and biases may be due to differences in the race population. The results of a meta-analysis study showed that the frequency of A1 minor alleles related to Taq1A polymorphism varied significantly in different populations. In European control subjects, the frequency of the A1 allele was about 19% (6% - 44%). It was significantly lower than the equivalent in Asian control subjects (about 38%).) Also, European and Asian alcoholics both had high doses above the A1 allele (12).Showed that it is consistent with the results of this study which indicate the high frequency of A2 allele in drug addicts and perpetrators of violent crimes. In vivo and in vitro tests have shown that DRD2 is a gene predisposing to alcohol consumption. Dopamine receptor (DRD2) D2 gene variability is strongly associated with opioid addiction. DRD2 polymorphisms, located in intron 2 (TaqI B), are significantly associated with multidrug addiction, but so far the relative abundance of alleles of this gene in addicted individuals Drugs (treated with methadone) have not been studied. Therefore, it was not possible to compare the results of the present study with similar studies in this field (13).As a result, the pattern of the superiority of the A2 allele over the other alleles in the present study does not necessarily mean that it is consistent or inconsistent with the findings of other studies, but it can also show the importance of this gene in its indirect effect on drug addiction or committing violent crimes (14). Conclusion Although the relative frequency pattern of alleles of genes responsible for dopamine receptor transport in the present study is very similar to the gene pattern of individuals with mental disorders leading to violent behaviors associated with violence, a causal relationship between the frequency of specific alleles cannot be deduced.

The news of several people suffering from an unusual pneumonia at the beginning of the New Year 2020 to the World Health Organization from China led to the introduction of a new type of coronavirus as a cause of a new respiratory disease. With the rapid spread of the disease in China and then to other parts of the world, the new coronavirus, scientifically known as SARS 2 -CoV- and the resulting disease called 19COVID-, caused a great deal of concern and panic among the people of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also announced that the outbreak of the virus is a cause of public health and emergency in the world. This emergency situation has caused concern in the whole society, especially the academic community. In general, the lack or deterioration of health of members of a society from a social perspective causes the inability of individuals to play social roles, disruption of social order and the inability of society to achieve a certain level. However, the World Health Organization's definition of health refers to a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease and disability; but in most cases, when it comes to health, mainly its physical and psychological dimensions have been considered. At the same time, the growth and excellence of a society depends on various aspects of the health of that society, especially the physical, psychological and social dimensions. In this case, the universities are not separate. Due to the importance of quality in competitive areas, service quality is recognized as one of the key axes of competition, so Islamic Azad University, as an organization with more than 30 years old in the framework of the objectives of the comprehensive scientific plan and in order to achieve policy Higher education institutions in the country should explore new ways to measure their quality in order to increase their market share in the university market to promote health and increase the quality of educational services by increasing customer satisfaction and reducing complaints. Accordingly, it seems that the Department of Physical Education of universities in the south of the country should also examine the quality of its services from the perspective of students, ie the main customers of the university with such an approach to find solutions if there is a problem. Predict and execute to improve services. Doing this research by improving the quality of services through scientific models can increase their satisfaction with various services of the university, growth in the quality of this field and the results for other stakeholders and ultimately society. On the other hand, the analysis of evaluations can help the system in recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of evaluations and help to improve the quality of evaluation and ultimately the quality of education. In this regard, this research it can provide the appropriate tools for systematic diagnosis of service quality deficiencies to the administrators and administrators of the free universities in the south of the country. Therefore, according to the issues raised, the following question was raised for the present study: What is the quality of educational services during the corona to assess health using the Kano model?

The present study is applied in terms of the type of research and according to the method of data collection is a descriptive and survey type of research and considering that the statistical population of this research is students of physical education in the Islamic Azad Universities of the south. The country (Fars, Bushehr, Hormozgan and Kohkilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad) in the academic year 1399-99, this research has been cross-sectional. Sampling was done in several stages, first the total sample of universities was calculated and then the sample of each university was obtained as a relative class and in a simple random sample in each university. Final sampling was performed. The required number of samples was determined using Morgan table 384 people, a total of 371 questionnaires were collected and analyzed statistically. Out of 371 people, 212 are men and 159 are women. Also, from the total number of participants, 154 people from Fars Islamic Azad University, 74 people from Bushehr Islamic Azad University, 62 people from Hormozgan Islamic Azad University and 81 people from Kohkiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Islamic Azad University were selected. Data collection tools in this study included a modified service quality questionnaire in Therazakis higher education. This questionnaire was used with Kano approach to identify the priority levels of students' needs for service quality. After data collection, frequency, frequency percentage, mean and standard deviation were used as descriptive statistics to describe the research data.

In the table to determine the level of satisfaction with the quality of services of free universities in the south of the country by examining the service quality gap, determining the level of importance (students' expectations of service quality), determining the adjusted importance of the weight of Kano class (score four for attractive needs, The second score for functional needs and the first score for basic needs were multiplied by the level of satisfaction (with a positive sign) and multiplied by the level of importance of each item. Became; Based on the observed results, it was determined that 15 indicators of university service quality are among the basic needs, 7 indicators were in the category of functional needs and finally 7 indicators were classified in the category of attractive needs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the health of Kano model to evaluate the quality of educational services during the corona. Based on the results of Kano model evaluation, it was found that among the 29 needs identified in this section, 7 indicators were classified in the category of functional needs, which means the needs that bring customer satisfaction as much as their level of satisfaction; That is, the more needs are met, the more customer satisfaction is provided, and conversely, performance needs are usually explicitly demanded by the customer. These features make the organization survive in the market. These needs include a proper laboratory for sports science, the presence of qualified and ethical teachers, the ability and mastery of teachers on the subject, the ability of teachers to interact with students, practical skills acquired for students, performing promised services on time and a strong desire to They were solving students' problems. Also, 7 needs were identified as attractive needs, these needs are the features of the product that have a greater effect on customer satisfaction and increase his satisfaction dramatically. Attractive needs are never explicitly stated by the customer or expected by the customer. Full satisfaction of these needs further increases customer satisfaction. Attractive needs include 7 components of educational and administrative places and spaces, providing services to students in the shortest possible time, staff readiness to respond to students, logical order between courses, ability to prepare students for the future, encouraging students to think, creativity and Innovation and clarity of course evaluation criteria. In general, the results of the present study emphasized the basic, motivational and functional needs of the quality of educational services of Azad University students during the Corona period to assess health using the Kano model. Functional need was also the most important need for students' health during the corona. Due to the results of the research and the importance of functional needs, it is suggested that the directors of Islamic Azad universities, especially the heads of physical education faculties, to satisfy physical education students in today's special conditions as well as the special conditions of Islamic Azad University. It depends on the student that it is better to think about equipping the university unit with a suitable laboratory for sports sciences, as well as using qualified professors with teacher ethics, capable and dominant, so that they can satisfy the students as much as possible. Also, the use of modern teaching methods, counseling skills and communication with students for faculty members of the university, holding workshops should be a priority, and given that the ultimate goal is customer satisfaction, so it is recommended from the constructive views of students in different stages of planning. Design, provide and evaluate more educational services to be used.

The role of environmental factors on health is gradually being recognized and approved by health systems around the world. One of these social factors affecting mental and physical health is unemployment. The existing empirical literature focuses more on the psychological consequences of unemployment than the physical one. In summary, the most important findings in the field of mental health are that unemployed people have less mental health (1), higher scores on substance abuse characteristics. , Have emotional and anxiety disorders, physical symptoms of illness, depression and suicidal thoughts and unsuccessful suicide attempts against their working counterparts (2).The importance of psychological characteristics and the effects of employment and unemployment on psychological characteristics is such that various researches have been done in this field and different results have been obtained. For example, Hackman and Mousso (2014) in a study showed that men Unemployed people were more depressed than employed men and needed more psychological help. They also showed more psychological symptoms, which indicates the importance of work for men (12). In another study in this regard, Naibi and Rameshgar (1396) showed that employed people have better mental health than unemployed people (2).All of the above shows the importance of work on life and especially mental health of people and employment has a major impact on various aspects, including personal and psychological issues. However, a review of research conducted inside and outside the country did not find a study that examined the psychological effects of the employment of physical education graduates. Also, the ambiguity regarding the study of the psychological effects of the employment of physical education graduates of the Islamic Azad University has caused that there is no strong and accurate evidence in this regard today. For this reason, the researcher is trying to answer the question, what are the psychological effects of the employment of physical education graduates of the Islamic Azad University?

The present research is an application and a survey that was conducted in the field. To conduct this research, among all graduates of physical education and sports sciences in the comprehensive units of the Islamic Azad University of Iran from 2011 to 2020 (approximately 4140 people) by cluster-stratified sampling method using Cochran's formula 352 people They were selected as a sample and then a researcher-made questionnaire designed according to the Delphi method was distributed and collected among them. This questionnaire had 18 questions that assessed mental health (4 questions), mental focus (3 questions), mental comfort (4 questions), interpersonal interactions (4 questions), life expectancy (3 questions) of physical education graduates Islamic Azad University had paid. Finally, descriptive statistics and structural equation methods using SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that all research variables have a significant presence in the research model due to having a significance level higher than 1.96 (Table 1). It was also found that the research variables have good validity and the research model has a good fit in all indicators (Table 3).

Regarding the findings of the present study, it can be said that the choice of job depends on factors such as personal values, environmental realities, emotional factors and educational opportunities. On the other hand, job satisfaction plays a decisive role in life satisfaction and all human behaviors and relationships are directly and indirectly affected by how they are employed. In addition, the level of self-confidence in many cases in relation to the degree of success in the job and how the job is appropriate, is established with his other characteristics (14).on the other hand, argues in his theory that the benefits of covert employment are related to the basic human needs, the deep needs that are essential to maintaining the comfort of human mental health. Having a job, especially having a job that serves social values and meets the economic needs of the individual, leads to cohesion, identity, increased self-esteem and mental health in the individual. Employment provides a platform in which individuals regularly participate in group situations. Based on this, it can be said that the amount of membership in a group or social network causes positive mental states such as self-confidence, purposefulness, sense of belonging, sense of security and self-worth, which these positive mental states through the instrument Things like reducing psychological frustration, increasing motivation to take care of oneself, reducing volatile neural responses, and increasing immune function can all affect people's mental health (17).

Violence is one of the phenomena of social traumatic that has a date in length. Expanding the range of violence and aggression in Iranian society, especially in recent years, is considered one of the most serious social damages.The violence and aggression are so prevalent that people in everyday life have adopted it. The purpose of this study was to link family performance, social support and socioeconomic status with violence. Numerous studies have dealt with extreme behaviors (violence) with family members as well as socioeconomic status. Family problems, including unemployment, low socioeconomic status and family instability are linked to violent behaviors; another factor contributing to violent disturbances and behaviors is lack of social support, researchers pointed out.Social support is: acquisition of information, material assistance, design and advice, and emotional support from others, which are valuable to the individual as well as part of an individual’s social network, such as parents, wives, friends, and religious and social institutions. Researchers believe that relations are considered a social support that one can assess as a source of resources available to meet its needs. Sarafino (1998) revealed that people in support networks are less depressed, have better psychological health, and have less aggressive aggression and violence against relatives and others. Therefore, different approaches have been proposed to explain the causes of violence or aggression. Considering the different approaches to explaining criminology, traditional context and cultural context of Iranshahr city, the question that arises is whether there is a relationship between family functioning, social support and socio-economic status with violence that leads to murder?

For this study, 40 people were selected as examples to conduct research between males in Iranshahr County because of committing murder in prison; then, the assessment questionnaires of FAD Epstein, Baldwin and Bishab, 1983), related to perceived social support (Zimet, Dalm, Zimet and Farley, 1988), empowering socioeconomic status (2013) and aggression questionnaire (Bass and Perry, 1992) were distributed and collected between the subjects. SPSS software and Pearson correlation coefficient test were used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05.

The results of data analysis showed that between family performance and its components (problem solving, communication, roles, emotional companionship, emotional intercourse and behavior control) with violence and its components (physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility On the one hand, there is a high negative relationship between social support and its components with violence and its components (support received from family, support received from friends, support received from others) on the other hand. This means that by climbing the level of family performance and social support and their components, the extent of violence decreases and vice versa. It is also found that there is a significant correlation between socioeconomic status and its components.

Murder is one of the issues that have been studied in the humanities from different angles. History, sociology, psychology, law, criminology, and anthropology each study this subject with a particular view.
Therefore, it can be stated that the killing should be studied according to its broad social dimensions. It is considered as social diversion in the first place, as the observance of others ‘ rights is the norm, and the violation of others lives is the norm too, and on the other hand, murder can be viewed as a social reality. According to sociological theories, the controversy of the violence subculture claims that the culture of violence, assaults, and resorting to aggression is socially acknowledged, and the outcome is a provocation, and violence is a familiar component of struggle for life. The approach blamed the ethnic subculture as the main cause of the high murder rate in the poor neighborhoods. People in the neighborhood are linked to the pattern of violence offered by parents, peer and poor neighbors, taking part in a broad range of violent acts. Hence, violence in the way of life and the way of resolving issues of such individuals and not only the norm, but also deemed necessary and no one feels guilty about its aggression. The descriptive results of the study also emphasize the same. Because more than half of the convicts were killed with low education levels, low income, chaotic family and low age, the results showed that the level of the family performance and its components decreased and the level of violence and its components decreased.Consistent with the findings of the present study, Khalili et al. (2011) in their study comparing family functioning status and mental health of murder offenders and ordinary people in Isfahan province concluded that there is a serious difference between the two groups in terms of family functioning. But in terms of mental health, they did not find any difference between the two groups. Therefore, they concluded that premeditated murder is more influenced by interpersonal communication variables than individual and personality variables.Strobey et al. (2005) report on research that the higher the person receiving from the level of social support received by others is higher in the same proportion as mental health and less violent behavior. (Wales and Killery, quoted by Sohrabi and Najafi,2008) showed in their research that social support acts as a shield against stress, depression and violence. Also, people who live in poor living conditions and with various socioeconomic problems have less support resources than people with better socioeconomic status and have lower expectations for their future, thus feeling they have nothing to lose and also they are more exposed to risky behaviors such as violence. As some studies pointed out that resource control and participation in community rewards provide unequal opportunities for individuals affecting their health – based behaviors. In general, one of the factors that cause the erosion of the feeling of security and traumatic for the community is the existence of the crime and the fields of its formation. Among the important causes in occurrence of crime, social and economic factors, and in the literature in this area, the main source of criminal and other anomalies and social deviations should be searched through the whole social life and the particular type of human relationships. According to the research results and the importance of controlling violence, it is suggested that the authorities increase social support by carefully planning the level of family functioning by using culture and proper education in order to reduce the violence that leads to murder. As well, measures should be taken to improve the economic situation.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood. For this reason, researchers have been looking for ways to achieve maximum beneficial effects, minimum side effects and negative consequences in the treatment of these people, among which can be mentioned play therapy. Play gives children the opportunity to express their feelings freely and to use symbols to make up for their problems in reality, to find solutions to them, and to make up for the situations they may encounter through play. Play therapy directly and indirectly encourages spontaneity (10). Play therapy has been used by various psychologists and researchers for decades to treat a wide range of disorders and problems and its effectiveness has been demonstrated (12-18).Speech therapy is another cognitive-behavioral therapy program in which children are taught to change their undesirable behavior by talking to themselves [20]. The results of some studies [24-27] indicate that verbal education has improved the symptoms of Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder.On the other hand, some studies [32-34] showed that parental behavioral education played an important role in reducing child disorders and increasing the self-confidence of parents of children with ADHD. Parental Behavior Education, which is based on the principles of social learning, teaches parents that by recognizing the occurrences and consequences of their children's inappropriate behaviors, identifying them, how to monitor these behaviors, deliberately ignoring and planned, temporary deprivation and other non-corporal techniques without punishment Physically change their children's behaviors, reinforce appropriate behaviors through attention, verbal encouragement, and reward to achieve desired behaviors. [35]Therefore, The aim of present research is to study the Comparison of Effectiveness of Play Therapy Based on Cognitive-Behavioral Model and mothers Behavior teaching and children verbal teaching on the Improvement of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms in 8-10 years old children.

A Semi-experimental design was conducted (pre-test and post-test) with three experimental and one control groups. For this purpose, 60 children and mothers of boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with an age range of 10-8 years referred to Khoy Psychiatric Treatment Center (Calm mind) who based on the diagnosis of a psychiatrist and Connors questionnaire (parent form) have this The diagnosed disorders were selected by purposive sampling and replaced in three experimental groups and one control group (equal to 15 people in each group). Then the experimental groups were trained in cognitive play therapy and mothers Behavior teaching and children verbal teaching for 8 sessions (Week, 45-minute two-session) and the control group did not receive any training. Prior and after the training, the subjects completed Connors Children's Behavioral Problems Scale - Parent Form (40). Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the mean scores of Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder in the mothers Behavior teaching group compared to the cognitive play therapy group and in the cognitive play therapy group compared to the verbal education group and in the verbal education group compared to the control group in the post-test decreased significantly (Table 4).

The results showed that mothers Behavior teaching is more effective than cognitive play therapy and children verbal teaching in reducing symptoms of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder in children aged 8-10 years. There is no report in the research literature on comparing the effectiveness of these trainings on the improvement of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperactivity disorder in children aged 8-10 years; But the obtained result is consistent with the results of studies (7, 11-18, 24-27, 36-39). According to the results of this study and its confirmation through previous studies, the use of cognitive play therapy along with verbal education of children and behavioral education of mothers is suggested as an effective and combined program to reduce the symptoms and symptoms of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder in children. 10-8 years old, especially children with ADHD in kindergartens and primary schools, by all psychologists of welfare centers, counseling and treatment in the country with the aim of guiding and helping teachers and parents of these children to prevent many behavioral problems of children, considered by education officials And special clinics for children with ADHD.

Increasing participation in sports activities increases the number of people at risk of injury. These injuries should be properly identified and treated, in order to provide the opportunity to participate again in sports activities. Increasing awareness of hwo injures occur by identifying risk factors and their predictive role can reduce the likelihood of their occurrence and even prevent many of these injuries. resercher believe that the lower extremity is the most prone position for injury. According to studies, a variety of internal factors predispose athletes to injury. These factors include disproportionate ratios of strength and endurance of agonist and antistatic muscles, structural abnormalities, gender, physical fitness, and history of injury. Recently, other factors including postural control, neuromuscular control, core instability, and muscle imbalances have also been identified as contributing factors to injuries. Recently, due to the importance of injury prevention, a lot of research has been done to identify risk factors for injury. Previous research has examined the various factors associated with lower limb injury separately. Regardless of the differences, a study is hardly available that comprehensively examines the factors: postural (TTB) time-to-boundary stability and neuromuscular defects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive role of postural, biomechanical and neuromuscular factors in the incidence of lower limb injury in active women.                           

63 active woman students were selected according to the criteria of entering the research purposefully. The research variables were divided into three groups: neuromuscular, biomechanical (TTB), postural (height of the inner leg of the arch, distance between the knee condyles, the interval between the ankles, the angle of the quadriceps). The data collection form was used to collect information about injuries, force plate to measure TTB, Colice to measure the distance between the condylars and the distance between the ankles, a simple goniometer for measuring angles Q and a digital camera to determine the neuromuscular defects. The researcher participated in the training and competition sessions to complete the injury form in order to record the degree of injury to subjects during a term.   Finally, for statistical analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to determine the relationship between variables and regression test to predict effective variables at a significance level of 95%. The implementation method of the present study was that first the participants were asked to fill in the consent form and personal information. Before filling out the consent form, participants were given a full explanation of the process. Then the measurements of the height of the inner longitudinal arc were performed by a goniometer. Then the measurements of the height of the inner longitudinal arc were performed by a goniometer. The distance between the condyles of the thighs and the inner ankles of the foot was then measured by a caliper.To measure postural stability with the eyes closed, three 10-second standing attempts were made on the force plate with the foot of the mold. Subjects stood on a fixed location on the force plate in all attempts. Forces and torque were recorded at 200Hz and 2000 COP points were calculated for each attempt in each time series; This data was then filtered with a four-zero-order filter, a low-pass filter with a cutting frequency of 5Hz.To assess neuromuscular defects, the subjects performed a vine jump test for 10 seconds. The only information given to the person was the beginning and end of the movement and how to stand on the lines. The diagnosis of neuromuscular defects was made by observation, which was filmed from two front and side views of the person, and the desired sequences were extracted from the film and examined at angles. How to score This test was done using a 10-point scoring form, used in valid articles.

REsults showed that the Pearson correlation coefficient between the anterior-posterior TTB and the degree of injury (r = 0.295), between the height of the arch and the degree of injury (r = -0.239), Q angle and injury (301) / 0 = r, ankles and injury (r = 0.331), neuromuscular factors and damage (r = 0.42) were significant. Regarding the muscle neuromuscular factor (β = 0.81). Regarding the medioletral variable, the results showed that there was no significant relationship with the rate of injuries. In relation to the height of the arch of the foot, the obtained value is significant for the Pearson correlation coefficient between the height of the arch of the foot and the amount of injury (r = 0.263). Therefore, it is inferred that there is a negative and significant relationship between increased leg arch and the rate of lower limb injury in active women. Also, according to the results, there is no relationship between the distance of the condyles and the amount of lower limb damage. The value obtained for Pearson correlation coefficient There is a positive and significant relationship between neuromuscular factors and th rate t of injuries (r = 0.793). Thus, as the rate of neuromuscular factor deficiency increases, so does the amount of injures. Regarding the medioletral variable, the results showed that there was no significant relationship with the rate of injuries. In relation to the height of the arch, the obtained value is significant for the Pearson correlation coefficient between the height of the arch of the foot and the amount of injury (r = 0.263). Therefore, it is inferred that there is a negative and significant relationship between increased leg arch and the rate of lower limb injury in active women. Also, according to the results, it was found that there is no relationship between the distance of the condyles and the amount of lower limb injuries. The value obtained for Pearson correlation coefficient There is a positive and significant relationship between neuromuscular factors and the rate of injuries (r = 0.793). Thus, as the rate of neuromuscular factor deficiency increases, so does the rate of injuries.

According to the findings of the study, women with neuromuscular defects most likely to be injured. Since neuromuscular injuries are the most predictive power, it seems that attention to muscle neuromuscular factors to prevent injury before the season of games is practical.